Paper and its uses

 

1000 years ago a Chinese artist painted the picture on their paper books.

How much paper do you use every year? Probably you can't answer that question quickly. In 1900 the world's use of paper was about on kilogram for each person in a year. Now some countries use as much as 50 kilograms of paper for each person in a year. The amount of paper a country uses shows how far advanced the country is, some people say. It is difficult to say whether this is true: different people mean different things by the word 'advanced'. But countries like the US, Britain, Japan, Germany and Sweden certainly use more paper than other countries. 

Paper, like many other things that we use today, was first made in China. In Egypt and the West, paper was not very commonly used before the year 1400. The Egyptians wrote on papyrus; Europeans used parchment for many hundreds of years. Parchment was very strong; it was made from the skin of certain young animals. We have learnt some of the most important facts of European history from records that were kept on parchment.

The Chinese first made paper about 2000 years ago. China still has pieces of paper which were made as long ago as that. But Chinese paper was not made from the wood of trees. It was made from the hair-like parts of certain plants. 

Paper was not made in southern Europe until about the year 1100. Scandinavia- which now makes a great deal of the world's paper-did not begin to make it until 1500. It was a German named Schaeffer who found out that one could make the best paper from trees. After that, the forest countries of Canada, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the United States became the most important in paper making. Today in Finland, which makes the best paper in the world, the paper industry is the biggest in the land. New paper-making machines are very big, and they make paper very fast. The biggest machines can make a piece of paper 300 metres long and six metres wide in one minute. 

When we think of paper, we think of newspaper, books, letters, envelopes, and writing paper. But there many other uses. Only half of the paper that is made is used for books and newspapers, etc. 

Paper is very good for keeping you warm. Houses are often insulated with paper. You have perhaps seen homeless people asleep on a large number of newspapers. They are insulating themselves against the cold. In Finland, where in winter it is sometimes- 40 Centigrade, the farmers wear paper boots in the snow. Nothing could be warmer. 

Each year, more and more things are made of paper. We have had paper cups, plates, and dishes for a long time. But now we hear that chairs, tables, and even beds can be made of paper. With paper boots and shoes, you can wear paper hats, paper dresses, and paper raincoats. When you have used them once, you throw them away and buy new ones.

The latest in paper seems to be paper houses. There are not small houses for children to play in, but real, big houses for people to live in. You can put one up yourself in a few hours, and you can use it for about five years.  (For an example of paper house, you can look at this page http://twofriarsandafool.com/2009/01/people-who-live-in-paper-houses/)

People have made paper boats, but they have not yet made paper planes or cars. Just wait- they probably will. 

 

A paper-making machine

VOcab: 
1. Papyrus- material on which the Egyptians wrote long ago; it was made from a grass-like plant which grows near water. 
2. Parchment- material once used for writing on; it was made from the skins of certain animals.
3. industry- this usually means the use of machines to make things in great quantities. The paper industry includes all the work of producing paper, from cutting down the forest trees to selling the finished paper.
4. Insulate- use some material which does not allow heat to pass and to be lost. 
5. Boots- footwear covering the feet (like shoes) and also part of the legs.

Source: REading for Adults: Book I, Author: R. D. Lewis. Publish Year: 1971 by Longman Group Limited.
   
 

Feeling

So free and bored now. waiting for the format checking and everyday, i do nothing.

anyway, I am invited to a library service quality survey tmr.
bye

The lost beauty of Angkor Wat

Since 1975 the country that we used to know as Cambodia has been called Kampuchea. 

The Khmer people have lived around Tonle Sap- the great lake of Kampuchea- for many centuries. The planted rice fields and lived on fish from the lake. In the ninth century there were probably more Khmers there than there are people in the whole of Kampuchea today. They were hard-working and clever, and their rulers became very powerful. 

Between 860 and 900, the khmer kings built a new capital to the north of Tonle Sap. The new capital, Angkor Thom, was built in the shape of a square. Each of the outside walls was about 3 kilometres long . And about 1 half kilometers to the south of the capital, they built the temple of Angkor Wat. 

In the twelfth century, the Khmers were very powerful, and ruled over an enormous area. But as the years passed, some of their neighbours became even more powerful. In 1431 the armies of the king of Ayuthia (Thailand) took Angkor Thom and carried away most of its treasures. The Khmers were attacked by other enemies, too, and they were forced to leave Angkor Thom. 

Kampuchea is a hot country where it rains often, and so the forest grows very quickly. After the Khmers left their old capital, the temples were left empty and nobody took care of the buildings. The jungle grew up around the temple buildings, and soon the trees completely covered the buildings. The temples were hidden, and the world forget them.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the French came to Kampuchea. Villagers sometimes talked about old buildings that were lost in the jungle. A French archaeologist was interested in these buildings, and he found a man who could lead him to them. So the beautiful temples of Angkor Wat were discovered again. The jungle was cleared, and the great buildings could be seen again.

At one time archaeologists supposed that the Khmer kings built Angkor Wat for the worship of the Hindu god Brahma. But now many archaeologists believe that its purpose was the worship of Buddha. But now many archaeologists believe that its purpose was the worship of Buddha. It is difficult to be sure which is true, because there were both Hindu and Buddhist rulers in south-east Asia at the time when Angkor wat was built. Also , the religion of the ruler was not necessarily the religion of the rest of the people, so there were several different religions in the area at the same time. 

The Khmers were very fine artists. In their carvings they mixed Hindu and other Indian gods with their own Kampuchean gods. At Angkor Wat they added figures of people and of real and impossible animals, and scenes from ancient stories. There are thousands of these carvings in stone of various colours, mostly brown. By day, the brown of the stone, the greens of the jungle, and the blue of the sky make a fine picture. At night, beautiful Kampuchea dancers sometimes used to dance in the temples in the moonlight. 

It used to be possible to take a plane from PP , the capital of Kampuchea, and fly to Siem Reap, a village not far from the temples. From the air the great lake and the enormous jungle around it could be seen. Then the buildings of Angkor Wat suddenly appeared below. Many visitors used to come to see the wonderful buildings with their fine carvings.

But the terrible facts of war have stopped the visitors to this lovely place. Since the early 1970s, the Angkor area has been controlled by the North Vietnamese, and Kampuchea has been almost completely closed to visitors from outside since 1975. Very few people have been to the Angkor Wat temples since that time. Reports say that these fine buildings were damaged in the fierce fighting in the area. The temples stand empty now, and the jungle is growing up around them. 

Will Angkor Wat be forgotten again? 
Source: REading for Adults: Book I, Author: R. D. Lewis. Publish Year: 1971 by Longman Group Limited.

Working with a Theory X manager

Working with a Theory X manager can be too frustrating. It is advisable on the part of employees to avoid a direct confrontation with them. Since Theory X managers are only result-oriented, employees should be very clear about what they can achieve. The subordinates should be ready with accurate and relevant information since Theory X managers are very particular about facts and figures. Theory X managers generally are unconcerned about subordinates' problems and so any approach regarding such issues is a futile exercise. 

Theory X managers want people to deliver the goods. In case the subordinates feel that the goals set are unrealistic, they should justify their stand in a constructive manner rather than questioning them.

The essence of working effectively with Theory X managers is to have a clear focus and to come to an agreement on the results and deadlines. If the subordinates consistently show good performance, the managers may allow them more freedom. The subordinates should also realize that Theory X manager may be under pressure from his superiors to be so due to the short-term demands of the organization. If the subordinates understand how to cope up with such managers, they can achieve their goals as well as those of the organization.

I feel worry (negative feeling)

My friend, vutha, has finished everything but I am not yet. I am the one who left behind.
WHY I DO everything so slow?  and it is still unacceptable.

I am not good at speaking. I am nervous when facing the public.

I have no girlfriend. I am not charm. Am I not good enough to be loved (I can't get a laid :() > bad feeling.

The most worry I feel the most is how to get a job after I graduate. It is still real problem and the same problem that I gonna face.

I admire my friend, Samphors, who got a lot of experience in doing work. I feel great for him. He is helpful, honest, and reliable person. I got work experiences in many places (unlike me) in in several places since he was in Cambodia. However, a person is good at one thing but another thing. So to say, he can't finish his project on time. I don't know what problem with him why he still cannot go to collect the data. does he still problem with Ajarn Thanawat? is his researching tool not good enough? Though he passed his proposal defense two months ago, his process seems no progress. What THE HELL?

words can be simple or great depending on what you speak

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